Aleppo is one of Syria's largest cities and one of its most
divided. For years, control of the city has been split between
President Bashar Assad's forces and the rebels fighting his
authoritarian regime.
The fighting has set off a large-scale humanitarian crisis as civilians are bombarded daily and areas are cut off from receiving aid.
Gary Johnson, the Libertarian candidate for president of the United States, was roundly mocked on Thursday when he appeared not to know what Aleppo was during an interview on MSNBC's "Morning Joe."
Far from being an obscure aspect of a remote civil war, the crisis in Aleppo has had ripple effects across the globe as refugees fan out across Europe to flee the conflict. And as the US has been working with Russia in hopes of brokering a ceasefire in the city, Russian planes have been carrying out airstrikes in support of Assad.
The suffering in Aleppo is almost indescribable. Clarissa Ward, a CNN correspondent who has reported on wars for more than a decade, testified before the UN Security Council last month, saying that in all of her experience covering war she has "never seen anything on the scale of Aleppo."
"This is what hell feels like," she said.
Below, we've outlined some key information about the city's significance in Syria.
Aleppo is the epicenter of fighting between President Assad and
the rebels seeking to oust him.
Syrian government forces are concentrated in the western half of the city and rebels control the eastern half. Control of the surrounding province shifts, with the Syrian army controlling eastern areas and rebels controlling western areas.
Both rebel-held areas and government-held areas of Aleppo have been under siege in recent months.
Five years into the conflict, jihadists have also laid roots in the country. ISIS and affiliates of Al Qaeda have both been laying groundwork for the creation of an Islamic emirate in Syria. But the city of Aleppo itself is split between Assad's forces and other rebel groups.
Because of the fighting between Assad and the rebels, large areas of the city, which still have millions of civilians living in it, has been cut off from receiving crucial aid (including food, water, and medicine) that would help keep people alive. Last month, a top UN official called Aleppo the "apex of horror" in Syria.
Russia entered the conflict last year to help Assad's forces, and Iran has also aided the regime.
Aleppo has been in the news lately as the US attempts to work with Russia to broker a ceasefire that would allow aid to get through to besieged areas.
Syrian President Bashar
Assad and Russian President Vladimir Putin.
While Russian officials insisted when they got involved in the war that they were there to fight terrorist elements in Syria, they've largely been targeting other rebels who oppose Assad.
Aleppo is one example. The Syrian government spelled out a plan in July to gain more control over rebel-held areas with help from Russia. And Russia has contributed to the humanitarian crisis in Aleppo by helping to cut off outside access to rebel-held areas and targeting civilians with airstrikes.
Russia and the US are in some ways on opposite sides of the conflict. The US has made repeated calls for Assad to leave power but has declined to get involved directly in his ousting. The US has, however, targeted terrorist groups inside Syria.
ISIS and Al Qaeda also oppose Assad's rule and fight his forces, so the Syrian army has been fighting on multiple fronts. Still, since the moderate opposition, which is becoming increasingly radicalized the longer the war drags out, is the biggest threat to Assad's legitimacy as a ruler, his forces have focused most on them.
What makes Assad's rule so brutal is his unabashed willingness to target innocent civilians. And his brutality has been on full display in Aleppo.
Assad and his allies, including Russia, have targeted markets, hospitals, and other areas where civilians gather. Snipers have targeted doctors and emergency workers near medical facilities.
Samer Attar, a surgeon who lives in Chicago and has worked recently in Aleppo, wrote a column for The New York Times last month describing the horrors he's seen in the city's hospitals.
Here's an excerpt:
Suffering in Aleppo recently captured the attention of the world when a photo and video of 5-year-old Omran Daqneesh (pictured above) being pulled from the rubble of his home near Aleppo went viral. The boy's home had been hit by an airstrike carried out by either the Syrian government or Russian forces.
A
civilian breathes through an oxygen mask at al-Quds hospital,
after a hospital and a civil defense group said a gas, what they
believed to be chlorine, was dropped alongside barrel bombs on a
neighborhood in Aleppo.
Another point where US foreign policy comes into play in Aleppo
is chemical weapons.
Just this week, a rebel area of Aleppo was hit with a suspected chlorine gas attack. Aid workers have attributed the attack to Assad's forces.
The Obama administration has touted its negotiations to remove chemical weapons from Syria as a major diplomatic achievement, but a recent UN report found that Assad's forces used chemical weapons against civilians in 2014 and 2015 in violation of the deal. Russia participated in the negotiations and helped broker the deal.
Dozens of civilians are suspected to have died in the latest chemical-weapons attack.
The constant bombardment that Aleppo has faced over several years has resulted in widespread destruction. It's unclear how what was once Syria's most populated city will be rebuilt once the war ends.
These photos give a sense of the scale of destruction:
The fighting has set off a large-scale humanitarian crisis as civilians are bombarded daily and areas are cut off from receiving aid.
Gary Johnson, the Libertarian candidate for president of the United States, was roundly mocked on Thursday when he appeared not to know what Aleppo was during an interview on MSNBC's "Morning Joe."
Far from being an obscure aspect of a remote civil war, the crisis in Aleppo has had ripple effects across the globe as refugees fan out across Europe to flee the conflict. And as the US has been working with Russia in hopes of brokering a ceasefire in the city, Russian planes have been carrying out airstrikes in support of Assad.
The suffering in Aleppo is almost indescribable. Clarissa Ward, a CNN correspondent who has reported on wars for more than a decade, testified before the UN Security Council last month, saying that in all of her experience covering war she has "never seen anything on the scale of Aleppo."
"This is what hell feels like," she said.
Below, we've outlined some key information about the city's significance in Syria.
The siege
Syrian government forces are concentrated in the western half of the city and rebels control the eastern half. Control of the surrounding province shifts, with the Syrian army controlling eastern areas and rebels controlling western areas.
Both rebel-held areas and government-held areas of Aleppo have been under siege in recent months.
The fight for Aleppo is part of the larger Syrian civil war,
which began in 2011. Since then, Assad has used nearly every
means to quash the rebellion.
Five years into the conflict, jihadists have also laid roots in the country. ISIS and affiliates of Al Qaeda have both been laying groundwork for the creation of an Islamic emirate in Syria. But the city of Aleppo itself is split between Assad's forces and other rebel groups.
Because of the fighting between Assad and the rebels, large areas of the city, which still have millions of civilians living in it, has been cut off from receiving crucial aid (including food, water, and medicine) that would help keep people alive. Last month, a top UN official called Aleppo the "apex of horror" in Syria.
Russia entered the conflict last year to help Assad's forces, and Iran has also aided the regime.
Aleppo has been in the news lately as the US attempts to work with Russia to broker a ceasefire that would allow aid to get through to besieged areas.
Russia's involvement
Of particular concern to the US is Russia's involvement in the
Syrian conflict.
While Russian officials insisted when they got involved in the war that they were there to fight terrorist elements in Syria, they've largely been targeting other rebels who oppose Assad.
Aleppo is one example. The Syrian government spelled out a plan in July to gain more control over rebel-held areas with help from Russia. And Russia has contributed to the humanitarian crisis in Aleppo by helping to cut off outside access to rebel-held areas and targeting civilians with airstrikes.
Russia and the US are in some ways on opposite sides of the conflict. The US has made repeated calls for Assad to leave power but has declined to get involved directly in his ousting. The US has, however, targeted terrorist groups inside Syria.
ISIS and Al Qaeda also oppose Assad's rule and fight his forces, so the Syrian army has been fighting on multiple fronts. Still, since the moderate opposition, which is becoming increasingly radicalized the longer the war drags out, is the biggest threat to Assad's legitimacy as a ruler, his forces have focused most on them.
Strikes on civilians
What makes Assad's rule so brutal is his unabashed willingness to target innocent civilians. And his brutality has been on full display in Aleppo.
Assad and his allies, including Russia, have targeted markets, hospitals, and other areas where civilians gather. Snipers have targeted doctors and emergency workers near medical facilities.
Samer Attar, a surgeon who lives in Chicago and has worked recently in Aleppo, wrote a column for The New York Times last month describing the horrors he's seen in the city's hospitals.
Here's an excerpt:
"My weeks in Aleppo are intense. In Chicago, where I specialize in surgical oncology, I see one patient at a time. In Aleppo, I see 20 at once. You live your life one massacre to the next: of children at school, or of families sleeping at home or shopping at a market. We hear the jets screech by, the helicopters whirring in the sky, the mortars launching, then the bombs exploding. Followed by sirens and screaming."The screaming seems never to end, some days. So many people pushing through the entrance. There are never enough beds, so patients have to share gurneys or lie on the floor. Sometimes, there is no place to step, with patients lying on floors smeared with blood and strewn with body parts."
Suffering in Aleppo recently captured the attention of the world when a photo and video of 5-year-old Omran Daqneesh (pictured above) being pulled from the rubble of his home near Aleppo went viral. The boy's home had been hit by an airstrike carried out by either the Syrian government or Russian forces.
Chemical weapons
Just this week, a rebel area of Aleppo was hit with a suspected chlorine gas attack. Aid workers have attributed the attack to Assad's forces.
The Obama administration has touted its negotiations to remove chemical weapons from Syria as a major diplomatic achievement, but a recent UN report found that Assad's forces used chemical weapons against civilians in 2014 and 2015 in violation of the deal. Russia participated in the negotiations and helped broker the deal.
Dozens of civilians are suspected to have died in the latest chemical-weapons attack.
Destruction
The constant bombardment that Aleppo has faced over several years has resulted in widespread destruction. It's unclear how what was once Syria's most populated city will be rebuilt once the war ends.
These photos give a sense of the scale of destruction:
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